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GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT AND CONGRATULATION

Congratulation  is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something
Example :
 Congratulations!
 Congratulations on your success!
 Happy birthday!
 Happy lebaran day / Happy Ied!
 Happy Valentine!
 Merry Christmas!
 Happy anniversary!
 Happy New Year!

Compliment  is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will,for example:
CONGRATULATING

I must congratulate you.
Please accept my warmest congratulations.
I’d like to be first to congratulate you
Congratulations on your succss.
Congrats!finally,your dream comes true!
.
Example :
 what a nice dress!
 Good job!
 Nice work!
 Excellent!
 You look great!
 You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
 Good grades!
 I really must express my admiration for your dance.

Gratitude  is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.
Example of Thanking:

Expressing Gratitude Responding
I should like to Express my gratitude It was the least I could do
Thank you very much You’re welcome.
Thank for your help. No big deal
How can I thank you? Don’t mention it
I’m very grateful to you It’s a pleasure
I can’t thank you enough That’s all right.
I’m very much obliged to you Any time.

SURPRISE OR DISBELIEF
Surprise : Expression when we don’t believe what happened to someone
Which can make we astounded or admire.
Express surprise or disbelief:
 Really ?
 What ?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 I must say … surprises me.
 I find that hard to believe.
 Fancy that!
 What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
 (Well), that’s very surprising!
Example of expressing surprise:
 How can you say that?
 Well,that’s the fact.
 I can’t believe it !
 That’s true
When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
• Believe it or not ?
• Can you believe this ?
• Do you know what ?
• You may not believe it,but…
You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
• Are you joking?
• Where ? show me.
• Oh ?
• Really ?

INVITATION

To invite someone
• I would like you to …
• We would be pleased if you could …
• Would you like to …?
• Shall we …?
• How about …?

To accept an invitation
• Thank you. Yes, I would like to …
• Yes, I would. Thanks.
• That would be very nice. Thank you.
• All right!
• O.K.!

To refuse/decline an invitation
• I would love to, but …
• That’s nice/great. Unfortunately/However …
• That’s very kind of you, but …
• Sorry, that wouldn’t be possible. Thanks anyway.

EXAMPLE INVITATION (WRITTIN) :

NARRATIVE TEXT

The wolf and the stork
A long,long time ago,the wolf and the stork were friends.One day,the wolf asked the stork to come to his house to eat.When the stork arrived at the wolf’s house,the wolf put two bowls of soup on the table.The wolf ate his bowls of soup so quickly,when he finished he asked the stork,”Did you like my soup?”But the stork was angry because he couldn’t eat the soup.his beak was too long.When the stork went home,he was still hungry.The wolf laughed and laughed.

 Narrative text is a text which contains about story (fiction/non fiction/tales/folktales/ fables/myths/epic) and in its plot consists of climax of the story (complication) then followed by the resolution.

Generic Structures: Orientation - Complication - Evaluation (optional) - Resolution

Orientation: it is about WHO, WHEN, and WHERE the story happened.
Evaluation: is optional; it is usually used to make the story more interesting.
Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.
Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.
Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.

Example: The story of Cinderella, Snow White, Snow Maiden, The Little Pear Girl, The Ugly Duckling, etc.

MODALS IN PAST FORM

Modals
present Past
can Could
will Would
shall Should
may Might

1. Could + Verb base
• to offer suggestions or possibilities
example :Vina :I’m having trouble with English
Agnes :why don’t you ask Ricky?perhaps he could help you.

• to indicate that the ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example : Rina :Grandpa,what could you do when you were younger.
Grandpa :When I was younger,I could swim across the big
River very well and faster.

• to express polite requests
(menyampaikan permintaan sopan)
Example: Could I borrow your dictionary (please)?
Could you lend me your jacket now?
2. Would + Verb base
 for an action that was repeated regularly in the past
Example: When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents every weekend.
On Sundays, when I was a child, we would all get up early and go fishing.
 insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example: Rini : Which country would you rather visit?
Vika : I would rather visit Paris than Somalia.

 To express polite requests
Ricky : Would you please pass the helmet ,Vini?
Vini : No problem.

3.Should + Verb base
 To give definite advice (advisability)
(untuk memberikan nasihat)
Derby : You should paint your door, Bobby. It looks terrible.
Bobby : Yes, I know I should.
 to express the subject’s obligation or duty:
You should practice more than an hour.

4. Might + Verb base
 to tell possibilities
Example: Ricky : Where is Deddy?
Copperfield : He might be in the studio with Kalina

 To express polite requests
Example: Tian : Might I borrow your coat?
Ringgo : I’m afraid not. It has been brought by Donny for weeks and I don’t know when he’ll return it.

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).
We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.
For example:
Nicky said, “It’s hot”.
Or
“It’s hot,” Nicky said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.
Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.
The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.
The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

▪ Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are:
Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind
▪ Don’t forget to mention the indirect object.
Father warned me not to drive fast.
EXAMPLE :
Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple
Vita said, “I eat fried rice”. Vita said that she ate fried rice.
Past simple Past Perfect
Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”. Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.
Future simple Past Future
Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.
Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”. Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Ricky said,”I’m playing basketball Ricky said he was playing basketball.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
She said,”I was teaching earlier” She said she had been teaching earlier.
▪ When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.
Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.
▪ When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.
Example: She will tell you
She says (that) she doesn’t know.
She has just said

In time expressions and pronouns
Direct speech Indirect speech
Now
Today/tonight
Yesterday
Tomorrow
Last week
Next week
Ago Then
That day/that night
The day before/the previous day
The next/following day
The previous week
The following week/the week after
Before
This/these
Here
Pronouns That/those
There
They change according to the context
Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.
Type Form Examples
Yes-No questions Ask + if/whether + subject + verb
Wonder etc. “Do you speak English?”
- He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions Ask + question word + subject + verb
Wonder etc. “What are you watching?”
- She asked what I am watching.

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Descriptive text : describe the characteristics of particular person, thing, or place.
Text Structure:
▪ Identification  identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
▪ Description  gives the information of particular thing, person, or place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or characteristics.

Grammatical Features:
 What?who?
 Using Linking verb and Simple Present Tense
 Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase
 Attributive (the)
 Use of attributive and identifying process
 Focus on specific participants
 Frequent use of epithets and classifier in nominal groups

Example of Descriptive Text:

My Pets
We have three family pets: a dog, a cat, and a tortoise.

The dog’s name is Benjamin. He is big golden Labrador. He is beautiful. He has big brown eyes and a long tail. He is very friendly dog, but he is sometimes a little stupid. Dogs are expensive to keep but they are fun to play with.
Our cat is named Martha. She is quite young, but she is not a kitten. She is very pretty. She has black and white fur and green eyes. She’s smart, too and very clean.
The tortoise’s name is Rocky. He has short, fat legs, a long neck, and a very hard shell. He is also very old and slow. He’s ugly and dirty, but I like him.

INTRODUCTORY IT
A To understand this lesson is easy.
B It is easy to understand this lesson.

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.
A and B mean the same thing, but sentence B is more common and useful than A. A was introduce mainly to make the meaning of C easier to understand.
Introductory “it” can fill the position both of the subject and object.

Introductory “it” as a subject:

To watch musical programs is pleasant.
IT IS PLEASANT TO WATCH MUSICAL PROGRAM.

To play football must be fun.
IT IS FUN TO PLAY FOOTBALL.
Introductory There
The structure there + to be is very commonly used to say that something exists. There is normally an adverb of place. But the introductory there does not have any adverbial sense and is merely used to introduce the sentence.
There are many stars in the sky.
This sentence can also be written as ‘Many stars are in the sky’.
But normally the form with there is preferred, though the real subject is many stars.
There is some water in the bottle. (More natural than Water is in the bottle.)
There is a hole in my socks. (More natural than A hole is in my socks.)
There is a bridge over the river.
There were few very accidents last year.
There is no way out.
There have been many such incidents.
There are some people waiting outside.
There is something wrong with him.
There is no point in talking about it again.
There is no going back on it.
There is no denying the fact that she stole the money.

Introductory It
When the subjective is an infinitive phrase
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.
Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
It is dangerous to play with fire.
It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.
To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.

NEWS ITEM
News Item: is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.
Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic structure:
 Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
 Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
 Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event.
Significant Grammar Features:
 Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
 Generally using Simple Past Tense
 Use of Material Processes to retell the event
 Using Action Verbs ( were, run, go, kill, etc.)
 Using Saying Verbs (say, tell)
 Focus on Circumstances
 Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages.
There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
 The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.
 It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.
 The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.
 To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.
 Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan.
Example of news item:

Dogs to herd geese from Central Park
Newsworthy event .NEW YORK(AP) City official will use border collies to drive geese away from Central Park’s lawns and meadows next mont.

Background events A.Howell,N.J,Company,Geese Police Inc,employs dog handlers who are educated on the behavior of Canada geese and their migratory,nesting and breeding habits.the collies,bred to herd sheep,howe a natural instinct to round up geese.
The Geese Police pilot program,funded by the New York City’s Department of parks and recreation and the Central Park Conservancy management organization,will last through April.
As with all wildlife that inhabit or migrate through city park land,Canada geese are protected from hunting and attack by humans,parks commissioner Adrian Benepe said Friday,but their increasing presence can damage grass and leave parks fouled by droppings Benepe said.

Sources .”The Geese Police pilot project is an innovative and human effort to manage the growing geese population in Central Park.”he said.

FINITE VERBS
A finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs. Finite verbs can form independent clauses, which can stand by their own as complete sentences.
Every grammatically correct sentence or clause must contain a finite verb; sentence fragments not containing finite verbs are described as phrases.
In English, as in most related languages, only verbs in certain moods are finite. These include :
• The indivative mood(expressing a state of affairs)
• The imperative mood(giving a command)
• The subjunctive mood(expressing something that might or might not be the state of affairs,depending on some other part of the sentence):nearly exinct in English
A verb is a word that expresses an occurrence, act, or mode of being. Finite verbs, sometimes called main verbs, are limited by time (see tense), person, and number.
The finite verbs are highlighted in the following sentences:
The bear caught a salmon in the stream.
Who ate the pie?
Stop!

A nonfinite verb form - such as a participle, infinitive, or gerund - is not limited by by time (see tense), person, and number.
Verb forms that are not finite include:
• the infinitive
• participles (e.g., "The broken window...", "The wheezing gentleman...")
• gerunds and gerundives
In linguistics, a non-finite verb (or a verbal) is a verb form that is not limited by a subject; and more generally, it is not fully inflected by categories that are marked inflectionally in language, such as tense, aspect, mood, number, gender, and person. As a result, a non-finite verb cannot generally serve as the main verb in an independent clause; rather, it heads a non-finite clause.
English has three kinds of verbals: participles, which function as adjectives; gerunds, which function as nouns; and infinitives, which have noun-like, adjective-like, and adverb-like functions. Each of these is also used in various common constructs; for example, the past participle is used in forming the perfect aspect (to have done).
Other kinds of verbals, such as supines and gerundives, exist in other languages.
Example:
The finite verbs are the underlined words

NOUN PHRASES
A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or any group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.
For example, ‘they’, ‘books’, and ‘the books’ are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold).
Example 1:
Diggy : Do you like books?
Cika : Yes, I like them.
Diggy : Do you like books over there?
Cika : Yes, they are nice.
Diggy : Do you like the book I brought yesterday?
Cika : Yes, I like it. (Note: ‘It’ refers to ‘the book’, not ‘book’)
Some noun phrases are short: The students
Some are long: The very tall education consultant
Structures of noun phrases:
▪ A beautiful old painting on the wall
The structure of this noun phrase contains three sections:
Pre-modifier Head noun Post-modifier
A beautiful old painting on the wall
A beautiful old painting -
- painting on the wall
This is the table of the adjectives that are combined with the nouns:
Determiner Opinion adjectives
Descriptive adjectives Nouns
General specific size shape age colour nationality material
A Lovely comfortable big - - - - Wooden chair
The Cheap - - - new black German - car
Large round - - - metal table
When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them. You put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example: We just spoke with a young American boy.
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (Vbase+ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example: passing the exam watching TV
preparing the equipment sliding down a rope
going to school diving board

SIMPLE FUTURE
Simple future tense : is used to describing job or action that will to do ( happened ) at future.
Formation of sentences
1.positive
(+) S+ shall/will+V1
Ex : - Ishall clean the room
- We will go to school
Or
(+) S +be +going to +V1
Ex : - I am going to play football
- He is going to write a story

Notes : “shall”just can use for subject “I and We”

2.Negative
(-) S+shall/will+not+V
Ex : - I shan’t buy a shirt
He won’t clean the room
Or
(-) S+be+not+going to +V
Ex : I am not going to give a present

Notes : shall not =shan’t,will not =won’t

3.Interrogative
(?) Shall/will + S + V ?
EX : - Will we play football ?
Or
(?) Be + S + going to + V ?
Ex : Is she going to write story ?

OFFERING

here are a number of formulas used when offering help in English. Here are some of the most common:
• May I help you?
• Can I help you?
• Are you looking for something?
• Would you like some help?
• Do you need some help?
• What can I do for you today?
Construction
Formula Verb Form

May I help you?

Use 'May I' or 'Can I' the base form of the verb in a statement.

Are you looking for something?

Use 'Are you looking for' something OR anything in particular OR specific object

Would you like some help?

Use 'Would you like' some help OR some advice OR a recommendation

Do you need some help?

Use 'Do you need' some help OR some advice OR a recommendation

What can I do for you today?

Use 'What can I do for' you, her, him, etc. today OR this morning, this afternoon, this evening

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however,who or what is performing the action
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.
In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).
1. Simple present Active

passive We

OB on RCTI watched

is watched OB on RCTI

(by us) everyday.

everyday.
2. Simple past Active

passive Rita

A letter wrote

was written a letter

by Rita yesterday.

yesterday.
3. Simple Future Active

passive My family

A villa will rent

will be rent a villa

by my family for holiday.

for holiday.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:
• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)
Agent
In a passive clause, we usually use a phrase beginning with by if we want to mention the agent - the person or thing that does the action, or that causes what happens.
Examples:
My mother makes sandwich every morning.
Subject verb1+s/es O C (adv. of time)

Sandwich is made by my mother every morning.
Subject to be+V3 Agent C (adv. of time)
present continuous : [ S + to be + being +V3 (past participle)
present perfect: [ S + has/have + been + V3 (past participle)
present continuous Active
Passive A young boy is catching a butterfly.
A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.
present perfect Active
Passive Yano has returned the book to the library.
The book has been returned to the library by Yano.
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:
1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence.
Examples:
Active: John is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object
Passive:
The indirect object as the subject
John’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower.

Passive:
The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to John’s girl-friend.

Examples of Passive Level: upper intermediate
Tense Subject Verb Object
Present Progressive Active: Rita is writing a letter.
Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.
Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.
Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.
Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.
Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.
Future II Active: Rita will have written a letter.
Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.
Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.
Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.
Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.
Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

SIMPLE PRESENT

Past Future The simple present is used to indicate a situation that exists right now, at the moment of speaking.  I smell something delicious.
 Jane needs a glass of water right now.
 They have a big house.

Past Future The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. It is used for general statements of fact.  Monkey swings from branch to branch.
 Kind words make people happy.
 God loves us.

Past ? ? Future The simple present is used for habitual or everyday activity.  I watch TV three hours every night.
 English class begins at 7am.
 Father usually reads newspaper every morning.

Simple Present Pattern:
1. Nominal:
(+) She is a nurse.
S + To be + Compliment
(-) He is not a teacher.
S + To be + not + Compliment
(?) Are they students?
To be + S + Compliment + ?
When using word questions (W/H questions such as What, Who, When, Why, Where, Which, How), we simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentence and followed by the form of question pattern above.
Example:
Why is she angry?
W/H question + to be + S + Compliment + ?

2. Verbal:
(+) S + Verb1 -s/es + O / C / adv
I study English every day.
He plays basketball every Tuesday and Thursday.
(-) S + Do/Does+not+Verb1 + O / C / adv
They do not eat meat.
She does not borrow comics everyday.
(?) Do/Does+ Subject + Verb1 + O / C / adv
Do you drink beer?
Does she understand the lesson?

Spelling of third person singular forms
Most verbs:
Add -s to infinitive work  works
drink  drinks
meet  meets
Verbs ending in consonants + y:
Change y to I and add -es Fly  flies
Cry  cries
Rely  relies
Verbs ending in -s, -z, -ch, or -x :
Add -es to infinitive Miss  misses
Buzz  buzzes
Watch  watches
Push  pushes
Fix fixes
Exceptions: Have  has
go  goes
do  does